Foreign Interference refers to activities conducted by foreign actors — such as foreign governments and organisations — that interfere in the politics and policies of the target country, in order to advance the foreign actor’s own interests.
Foreign interference is not new and many countries engage in it. It is prevalent today because social media facilitates it.
Foreign interference is typically carried out through deceptive means. This includes the use of:
Commercial actors around the world — media, marketing, and PR companies — have offered influence operations services, making information manipulation accessible to parties without the capabilities.
For instance, Meta identified and removed Facebook accounts run by Israeli PR firm Archimedes Group, which ran campaigns on behalf of clients in Africa (e.g., Nigeria, Senegal, Togo), and with “some activity in Latin America and Southeast Asia”.
There is also an active disinformation-for-hire industry, such as one by Andreas Sepulveda in Latin America, whose methods included hacking, smear campaigns, disinformation, and subversion.
Foreign interference activities are illegal. They may be dealt with under various legal levers such as the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act, Broadcasting Act, Computer Misuse Act, and the Internal Security Act.
Foreign interference can undermine the decision-making autonomy of a country, trust in its leadership, and the cohesiveness and unity of its people.
Here are some examples that have been reported in the mainstream media.
In 2022, Meta found and removed several clusters of activity that relied on fake accounts to post content. This network of accounts originated in the U.S. and promoted U.S. interests in Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Russia.
In February 2021, social media analysis firm, Graphika released a report on a propaganda network that uses a mixture of bots, fake accounts and stolen accounts to push and amplify videos and other media materials that favour one country called “Spamouflage Dragon” and discredit the U.S, including on issues such as the safety of Western-made vaccines.
In 2020, the BBC reported on a 15-year global disinformation campaign to service one country’s interests. This campaign spread over at least 116 countries (more than half the world’s countries), targeted members of the European Parliament as well as the United Nations, involved the use of stolen accounts and at least 750 fake media outlets, and was amplified with the help of a legitimate foreign wire service.
In 2019, a disinformation network was traced to Iran. This comprised posts from fake persons, which sought to influence U.S. policymakers, reporters and academics. Some of these were eventually carried in legitimate publications.
In 2019, a former chairman of a European foreign friendship group was sponsored flights and hotel stays by a foreign government, and subsequently voiced views that supported that government’s policies on various issues.
In 2017, an Australian former Senator apparently received donations from an individual with connections to the PRC government. He then advocated for China’s position on the South China Sea.
A 2020 study by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute found that there had been a significant increase worldwide in foreign interference in local politics. Between 2015 and 2020, at least 38 Elections and six Referendums were impacted.
In 2019, leaked documents revealed that the Russian government was allegedly planning to provide financial and public relations assistance to the election campaign of German politician Markus Frohmaier, who was known to be very outspoken in favour of ending sanctions and recognising Russia’s Annexation of Crimea.
In 2016, the Russian government reportedly weaponised social media and funded “troll farms” to generate fake news and provocative campaign material to divide American society and discredit their elections.